Tibet: a 2018 piece by Lloy Lofthouse and Notes of Jiang Talk by Thor 1972

Note:  these pieces may draw some anger; even so I think it important to know the history before making final judgement; I am not intending to apologize for any abuses by governments either.

**Tibet  today:

Tibet Today by Lloyd Lofthouse

The population of the Tibetan Ethnic group is about six million and the majority live in Tibet, Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, and Yunnan. In the Tibetan areas of Southwest China, reforms were introduced between 1955 and 1957 in the farming areas. Feudal land ownership and all feudal privileges were abolished.  In September 1965, the Tibet Autonomous Region was officially established.

Twenty to forty thousand Tibetans live in Nepal and one hundred and twenty thousand live in India. More than three million people live in the Tibet Autonomous Region and 8%, about 248,000, are Han Chinese.

The Tibet Autonomous Region is located on the Tibetan Plateau, the highest region on earth. In northern Tibet, elevations reach an average of over 4,572 meters (15,000 ft). Mount Everest is located on Tibet's border with Nepal.

Religious activities are protected by the government. Temples have been renovated and repaired. Buddhist statues, volumes of scriptures, ancient porcelain articles and other precious relics lost during the ten-year turmoil of the "Cultural Revolution" have been returned to the monasteries. Among them was a bronze statue of Sakyamuni brought to Tibet by Princess Brikuthi from Nepal in the 7th century. It is now kept in the Qoikang Monastery in Lhasa. An institute of Buddhist theology has been set up and preparations are being made to restore the scripture printing house. Tibet now has several thousand lamas, and the government sets no limit to the number of monks in the monasteries.

According to Lonely Planet, "Tibet offers fabulous monasteries, breathtaking high-altitude treks, stunning views of the world’s highest mountains and one of the most likable peoples you will ever meet.”

Lonely Planet.com says, “For centuries, Tibet was cut off from the outside world by its remote location, extreme climate, and geographic environment. This far-flung region thwarted all but the boldest travelers and explorers — that is, until the construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway in 2006, which connected Tibet to the rest of China. …

“To protect passengers from high-altitude sickness, trains have an oxygen supply system that increases the oxygen in the cabin as the train ascends and cabins have private oxygen-dispensing outlets. The temperature in the train is regulated and pressurized and the windows are glazed with a UV coating to protect against the powerful high-altitude rays.”

CNN Travel reports, “Robbie Barnett, a Tibet scholar at Columbia University, says China has poured in huge sums of money to make the high-altitude region accessible for mass tourism.”

The UK’s Telegraph says, “According to Xinhua News Agency, Tibet received more than 20 million tourists for the first time in 2015, representing 190-per cent growth from five years ago. Tourism revenue reached 28.19 billion yuan (£3.42 billion) in the same year, equal to 27.5 percent of Tibet’s GDP.”

In this video, the CNN reporter says the rent could be high in a new Tibetan village, but rural Chinese seldom pay rent or make mortgage payments.

Twenty million tourists is more than six times the population of Tibet.

People.cn says, “Thanks to the improvement in medical services over the past six decades, average life expectancy in Tibet jumped from 35.5 to 67 years by the end of 2010, says a white paper issued by the Chinese government on Monday …

“Improvement has also been seen in education.

“The enrollment rate for school-age children was less than 2 percent and illiteracy rate was as high as 95 percent among the young and the middle-aged in 1951. …

“Sixty years later, the enrollment rate for primary school-age children of the Tibetan ethnic group has reached 99.2 percent and the illiteracy rate among the young and the middle-aged has fallen to 1.2 percent …”

Juliang Speaks on Tibet  (one of our interpreters from the  American You Tour of China hosted by The Peoples Chinese American Friendship ; 16 youths from USA, including Thor Sigstedt,  who took these notes, for 3 ½ months of touring and examination and working in factory and field)     Shanghai 1972.

“China’s long History with Tibet

by Lloyd Lofthouse

On October 7, 1950, the People's Liberation Army (PLA) invaded Tibet. The PLA quickly surrounded the outnumbered Tibetan forces, and on October 19, the five thousand Tibetan troops surrendered.

When you hear about China and Tibet, what are your first thoughts? I suspect most people in the United States and Europe only know about China’s alleged ‘brutal’ conquest of Tibet and think Tibetans lost their freedom. If that’s what they have been programed to think, they are wrong. If they think Tibet was never part of China before October 19, 1950, they are also wrong.

The October 1912 issue of National Geographic Magazine describes how the Imperial government in Beijing managed a difficult Tibet, and letters Sir Robert Hart wrote in the 19th century also mention Tibet as part of China.

China considered Tibet a vassal state or a tributary of the empire.  In fact, starting in the 13th century, Yuan, Ming, and Qing Dynasty troops occupied Lhasa. There was a political governor and the Dali Lama, the religious leader of Tibet. Both were selected for their positions by the Emperor of China. When a Dali Lama died, the list of replacements was sent to the Emperor in Beijing and he selected the new Dali Lama.

In 1890, a Convention between Great Britain and China was signed that offers more evidence that China’s emperor considered Tibet part of his realm and Great Britain agreed. Tibet is mentioned twenty-nine times in that treaty.

Tibet has never had a Democracy and will probably never have one. The following quotes show you what Tibet was like before 1950.

One error mentioned in this video is that “many” Tibetans live outside of Tibet. Only 1-percent of Tibetans live outside of Tibet and they represent the landowners and ruling class that fled when China returned to Tibet in 1950.

The October 1912 National Geographic Magazine, page 979, reported, “Lamaism is the state religion of Tibet and its power in the Hermit Country is tremendous. Religion dominated every phase of life. … For instance, in a family of four sons, at least two, generally three, of them must be Lamas. Property and family prestige also naturally go with the Lamas to the monastery in which they are inmates.

“Keeping the common people or laymen, in ignorance is another means of maintaining the power of the Lamas. Nearly all of the laymen (serfs) are illiterate. Lamas are the only people who are taught to read and write.”

Under theocratic Lamaism, there was no freedom of religion, no freedom of speech, and there were no elections.

It is a historical fact that a Tang Dynasty Emperor married his favorite daughter to Tibet’s king as a way to stop Tibetans from raiding into China, something that Tibetans had done for centuries. Tibetans were not always Buddhists. Buddhism was introduced to Tibet by a conquering Mongol king around the time of Kublai Khan’s Yuan Dynasty.

Then a reluctant Tibet was ruled over by the Yuan (Mongol), Ming (Han) and Qing (Manchu) Dynasties from 1277 to 1913, when Great Britain convinced Tibet to break from China at the same time the Qing Dynasty was collapsing.

Between 1913 and 1950, Tibet was ruled by a Dalai Lama and was an autocratic theocracy, not a democracy or a constitutional republic like the United States. In case you don’t know it, a theocracy is a system of government in which priests rule in the name of God or a god. In Tibet’s case, his holiness the Dalai Lama is considered a living “God-King”, and he isn’t a Christian, a Jew, or a Muslim.”    -Lloyd Lofthouse from ichina newsletter, 2018

This is a question of minority nationalities. “National Struggle in the final analysis is class struggle.”  - Mao.  Each nation has its classes.  Exploiters of Imperialism which split the nationalities.  “Workers of all countries unite”  “oppressed nations unite”.  The proletariat in capitalist counties should support workers in colonial and semi-colonial countries and vice versa.  China is a multi-national country.  This is the result of history.  One nationality might be spread in several countries.  Han is the biggest nationality in China.  In 1957-statistics-94% was Han.  We have more than 50 minority nationalities which have thousands or millions in population.  These minority nationalities total more than 30,000,000.  The area of these occupies 0-60% of the whole area of China.  China’s history is one of long time national struggle.  Mongolia and Manchuria ruled once over the Han and other nationalities.  After 1911 revolution, Chang Kai Shek ruled Mongolia, Tibet and other nationalities.  In 1949 there was brought to end long time oppressions.  The CCP is a vanguard party composed of advanced elements of the nationalities; the advanced elements of the minority nationalities joined the PLA and the party.  The main force was the Han Nationality; the majority of the people.  After liberation, the CCP conducted the Hans to overcome “Big Han” chauvinism.  Where there is local nationalism- the party called to overcome this.  The party sent cadres to go among the minority nationalities to conduct democratic and social reform to help them win liberation from their own oppression.  We unite with patriotic people of many strata including the upper strata.  The CCP helps local places train local cadres, develop local economy, help set up schools and cure diseases.  Before liberation, because of exploitation of imperialism, some minority nationalities decrease in number.  We help them increase in numbers-cure diseases. Among Hans we call on people to have birth control, but not among some minority nationalities.  The CCP helps create words which they did not have in the past-help develop literature and art.  For example; folk dances.  Liberation and the CCP put an end to national oppression in China.  People of various nationalities help China become a prosperous country.  Tibet is an inseparable part of People’s Republic of China.

   The Social System before Reform in Tibet

Since 700 years ago, Tibet has been part of China.  Political systems, religions, including title of Dalai Llama, position rights, all stipulated by imperialist countries in Peking through dynasties.  Tibet has a long and fine history within China’s borders.  Imperialist aggression and serfdom systems placed great hindrance to development of Tibet.  It was economically and culturally backward.  According to 1959 statistics- Tibet's population of 1.2 million.  5% of these people were serf owners.  Others were serfs.  Land and cattle belonged to serf owners.  The serf owners consisted of the Nobles (30%), the Monasteries (30%) and the Officialdom of feudal government (40%).  Serfs belonged to serf owners generation after generation.  Serf owners exploited more than 70% of the products of labour.  The serfs were denied political freedom or freedom of action.  Serfs had to borrow loans with high interest rates.  Some serfs owed debts for 100s of years.  The nobles were hereditary; before reform there were 200-300 families.  The big nobles had 1000s of serfs.  There was complete inequality.  Serfs would avoid, bow to or stick out tongues to nobles (greeting).  240 various kinds of punishments are on display in Peking.

     Monasteries

Chiefs were also serf owners.  Monasteries engaged in exploitation by usury and business.  The llamas, some came from families of nobles.  The majority were from poor serfs.  The rulers of monasteries could use punishment at will to llamas and serfs.

Feudal Government

Political and religious leader of Tibet was called Dalai Llama.  Feudal governmental repression was in the interests of the serf owners.  Power in the hand of big nobles.  In 1949 Dalai Llama was only 14 years old.  Then the feudal local government was called Kasha (6 persons)

British imperialists and Indians have been harboring wild ambitions to annex Tibet.  British colonialists have made aggressions over the past 100 years.  India has borders in common with Tibet.  In 1888 the British aggressors invaded China in Tibet at a place called SIKKIM.  In 1904, British aggressors occupied Lasa, the provincial capital of Tibet.  British colonialists gained privileges to engage in business in 3 places in Tibet.  In these 3 places, Britain dispatched troops and offices-post office, hospitals and schools.  Extraterritoriality-1947 the National Liberation movement was strong all over the world.  Vietnamese demand liberation.  In India they demanded independence.  Then, British Imperialists, under prerequisite of maintaining colonial interests and handed power over to landlords and bourgeoisie-who had been nurtured by British Imperialism.  Indian repression took over the British privileges.  In Tibet this happened, ie, India dispatched troops and officials to Tibet.  Enjoy extraterritoriality.  1954- After struggle between China and India, India withdrew.  India had tried to make Tibet a buffer state. 

Ever since 1904, when the British invaded Tibet, British Imperialists and Indian reactionaries tried to annex Tibet by launching a “Tibet Independence” movement.  To realize this scheme, British imperialists have been making efforts to handpick and foster lackeys among serf owners and officials of Tibet.  1950, in October or November, PLA (People’s Liberation Army) marched into Tibet.  The Indian government interfered in China’s internal affairs.  Three notes to China from India.  In these notes the Indian government expressed regret of emancipation of Tibet; said it would affect seriously the restoration Chinese legal rights in the UN.  They said it would sabotage world peace and undermine friendship.  China then refuted the Indian government.  When PLA marched to Tibet, the local government sent representatives to Peking.  One straight and other group via India.  India tried to prevent the 2^nd group from coming.

How Tibet Was Peacefully Liberated

Second Plenary session of the 7^th Central Committee (4^th volume of selected works) then, we have fought Liao Nin Sen Yiant and Hwei Hei campaign.  Peking was liberated and main Kuomintang forces were wiped out. About 1,000,000 kmt troops are left.  Then the PLA encircled Peking and Tingen.  Tiengin was liberated after fierce battles.  Peking was called Beiping. PLA forced chief general of kmt in Peking was peacefully liberated.  FuJoe Li was appointed minister of water conservancy.  This part of kmt troops are redesignated or reorganized.  On the 2^nd Plenary of 7^th Central Committee.  To liberate in fierce battles needs preparation. * To liberate some places in form of Beiping has increased, ie, to force enemy troops to use peaceful methods to reorganize enemy troops in rapid and thoroughgoing way according to the method of PLA.  Mao pointed out that to use this method is not as good as battles in regards to wiping out vestiges of counter-revolution and their influence.  But Mao pointed out that this method is beneficial to army and people-avoid casualties.   In final analysis the counter-revolutionary influence would be wiped out.  Soon after, the kmt government in Nanking sent representatives to talk, but their Nanking government refused the conditions. April 21, 1949, PLA cross Yangtse and liberated whole of China except Tibet.  In April 1951, when PLA marched on Tibet, the two Tibet delegations arrived in Peking.  One month later, in May, a 17 point agreement of peaceful liberation were agreed upon.  In these 17 points it clearly and definitely points out that the people of Tibet drove out Imperialists and came back to the great motherland of China.  These stipulate that backward system of Tibet must be reformed.  Chinese government adopts a cautious policy of reform.  We give enough time for Upper Strata to consider-so we slow down speed of reform.  Reform of Tibet needs the full mobilization of the masses of Tibet- this takes time.  So the former local government, troops, and money system remained unchanged.  The religion in Tibet was protected and religious life continued to go on.  Pary persuaded people not to engage in reform in a hurry.  But the Imperialists were no reconciled to defeat.  The Tibet leaders did not stop lackeys.  1958-Indian government invited Dalai Llama to India.  Out of friendship to India, we allowed this.  The Indian reactionaries did a lot of work to keep Dalai Llama in India.  Chow En Lai also went to India and told Dalai Llama Mao’s policies about Tibet.  “How to Handle Contradictions Among People”, “Reform of Social System of Tibet must be carried out.  When the majority of Tibetan people and leaders are ready, then we can make our decisions.  We shouldn’t be too impatient”  In the 2^nd 5 year plan, Mao pointed out that we should not carry out reform.  Later Dalai Llama came back to motherland, but the Indian reactionaries did not cease their subversive activities.  In 1958-Great Leap Forward.  In March, 1959, the Tibetan serf owners and leading clique of upper strata of Tibet organized an armed rebellion.  Afterwards, the PLA did not fight back immediately.  Still hoped they would awaken.  The PLA stared counter attacks seven hours after rebellious elements attacked the Tibetan Military ally command of PLA.

If PLA had counter attacked immediately, the Dalai Llama and others would not have been able to run away.  With support of Llamas and laymen in Tibet, PLA put down this rebellion.  After this, about 20,000 bandits in this rebellion went away to India (these are the so-called Tibetan refugees).  After Dalai Llama went to India, Nehru received him and tried to inflate the arrogance of these bandits.  From our own experience, it is easy to understand the “Bangla Desh” business, even though Pakistan is not a “People’s” country. 

In March 1959, not all serf owners in Tibet took part in the rebellion.  20,000 out of 60,000 fled.  (Not all of the 20,000 came from Tibet).  CCP adopted a different policy towards those who did not take a part in the rebellion.  (Similar policy towards the National Bourgeoisie) Ngapo Ngawang Jigne-now vice chairman of National People’s Congress, was chief representative that came from Tibet and Peking in 1951.  Was a member of 6 governments in   Tibet.  The nobles and serf owner’s rebellion was a bad and a good thing, ie, the social reform long awaited by 1,000,000 serfs in Tibet was carried out ahead of schedule.  Tibet got rid of the darkest and most barbarous serfdom.  From then on Tibet embarked on the road of socialism and developed its economy quickly and the serfs in Tibet finally stood up and put an end to Imperialism.

-Why Imperialists, Revisionists and Reactionaries raised a huge cry of the Tibetan Question:

US Imperialists and Indian Expansionists have been raving over Tibet question.  They advocate independence of Tibet.  Why?  Are they truly concerned about the people of Tibet?  No.  We must make a class analysis of Tibetan question that National Independence come from Imperialism and Social Imperialism.  Mongolia republic and East European countries have become colonies of USSR.  In the Middle and Near East USSR Revisionists try to bring these areas into influence of USSR or colonies.  What is the nature of Tibet quest-backing and Imperialists and Indian Expansionism that upper Tibet strata plot armed rebellion.   To put down this rebellion is entirely within framework of China’s internal affairs.  They do not raise huge cry to show sympathy to Tibetan people.  Reactionaries have not raised a cry against the horrible social system of Tibet.  They show sympathy only towards the repressions and reactionaries in Tibet, like Dalai Llama.  The Imperialists, Revisionists and Reactionaries raise a huge cry because Tibetan serfdom has been gone forever and will never come back.  They raise a huge cry because their plot of annexing Tibet has fallen flat.  They cry over Tibetan question to sling mud over socialist China, to offset China revolution and construction, and hurt other developing liberation movements.  US news agency made a newsreel about Tibet.  They spent 8 months making a newsreel- reactionary and anti-China.  NY Times reported that US government planned to prohibit the circulation of this film.  Whether this is true or not, anyhow, the Tibetan question was a pretext for attacking China.  These anti-China activities are not to be feared.  China has been growing despite the Imperialists and Revisionist slander. 

In 1958- Dulles started that attack on China. In CR, Imperialists, Revisionists etc. Launched wild attacks on China, but these attacks failed to damage a single hair of us though they launch attacks, China and Tibet has been marching forward in a movement that nothing can prevent.  The Imper, revis and expansionists have been more and more resorting to slight hand-flag of independence to split a country.  This is the ambition of Imper, revis and expansions.  So we must make a class analysis of independence.  Must all make a class analysis of nationalism.

1)      Progressive Nationalism

2)      Reactionary Nationalism

Progressives must direct itself against imperialism, revisionism and reactionaries, On the other hand, Imper, Rev and React never generally support national independence.  The threat vs national independence comes from reactionary thought. So-called Taiwan Independence Movement is inseparable part of Chinese territory.  Now imperialists are trying to create 1 China, 2 governments, 2 Chinas; statues of Taiwan remain unsettled, therefore Taiwan Independence Movement.  In US and Japan a handful of renegades conducted  so-called “Taiwan Independence Movement”.  China firmly opposed those schemes.  US troops must withdraw from Taiwan and Taiwan Straights. 

University of Michigan-

Very early, China and Britain had diplomatic relation.  Netherlands and Britain have semi-diplomatic.  British imperialists have persisted in a reactionary stand.  “The status of Taiwan remains unsettled”.  The scheme is to recognize Taiwan as a country if the Taiwan Independence Movement succeeds.  So we do not exchange ambassadors with Britain yet. 

-India and Pakistan

The Pakistan problem is a result of British Imperialism.  In 1947, when National Liberation movement in various countries was surging ahead, British colonialists were forced to recognize the Indian independence.  British imperialists refused to quit this area, refused to quit ; stage/  Divide and rule.  At the time of Indian independence, British imper. Divided India into religious areas.  India and Pakistan (Moslem state) also, but imperialists gave political power to the big bourgeoisie and landlords.  88% of people in Pakistan believed in Islamic religion.  At independence Pakistan was divided into east and wet Pakistan with India in between.  Area of East Pakistan and West Bengali Province of India have common boundary; formerly lived by Bengalis. Bengalis are about 100 million people about 70 million Bengalis live in East Pakistan.  30 million lives in W. Bengali Province.  Majority of 70 million people in E. Pakistan believe in Islam.  Majority of 30 million of Bengali believe in Hinduism.  At the time of dividing India into Indi and Pakistan the refugee problem was already created.  When India and Pakistan won independence, Britain had many schemes: 1) Problem of Kashmir-which state-Pakistan or India should Kashmir belong to.  Majority of Kashmir people are Islamic.  Kashmir question has been constant source of conflict between India and Pakistan.  India and Pakistan conflict, in this analysis, a result of British Imperialism.  2) Why India want to Expand.  This also needs class analysis and class view.  Lenin-foreign policy of state is=a continuation of internal state policy.  I.e., if domestic is reactionary, its foreign policy is sure to be reactionary.  If a country exploits its own people, it will exploit the world’s people.  Before 1956, India claimed itself to be peaceful and mutual.  US Imperialists (Men) try to infiltrate into India, de, support Pakistan-instigate SEATO/ Country ruled by big landlords and big bourg-economic s and political crisis of this country is sure to be more serious with days going by.  After India independence, India could not solve domestic problems.  Conditions become poorer and poorer.  ie., class contradictions have been becoming sharper and sharper.  Since 1956, US imperialists stepped up efforts in exporting capitalism and () to India.  Economic aid to India is like a thermometer; the more economic aid to India by US, the more reactionary India has become.  1959-1962, India was a colony of British imperialists-US became the biggest country to which India owes debt.

So, with increasing US aid, India’s foreign policy becomes more reactionary.  In 1962, over the question of Kashmir there was an armed conflict between India and Pakistan.  Kennedy started to aid India with weapons.  This gave rise to dissatisfaction of Pakistan towards the US.

India invaded Pakistan with USSR support, while US is increasing influence in India.  From 1959-1972, the total economic aid to India by USSR equaled 3.4 billion US dollars. Now USSR has become the second largest debtor to India.  High rates of interest as high as 6 % per year.  It is hard for India to just pay the interest; USSR controls much heavy industry of India.  USSR has control of 25% of the Power Industry, more 30% of Iron and Steel Industry of India.  USSR has controlled about 50% of oil production industry, about 35% of oil processing of India.  India supplies raw materials for USSR.

 Armed conflict in 1965 between India and Pakistan over Kashmir.  After this, US stopped its aid of arms to India.  Since then, USSR is the biggest merchant in ammunition to India.  1962-1970, USSR has given aid of weapons to volume of 1 billion US dollars. In Indian army, the soviet made weapons are dominant.  In August 1971, India and USSR concluded the so called “Treaty of Peace and Friends” which is actually military alliance.  Exactly 3 months after this treaty, India launched attacks on Pakistan.  India has also ambitions over Nepal, Pakistan.  India constantly interferes in the internal affairs of Pakistan and so-called independence of East Pakistan.  In April, 1965, India needed  splittist  elements in Pakistan to cook up Bangla Desh.  Activities are mainly in New Delhi and Calcutta in Bengali Province.  They dispatched so-called “Freedom Fighters” to East Pakistan.  This caused refugees to go in India.  Putting up flag of “Independence of Bangla Desh” and under the pretext of refugee problems, saying that India is threatened by refugees, India launched (invasion) towards 1971.  This pretext cannot prevail.  The “refugee problem” is [product of Indian interference.  About 10 years ago India caused the same problem in Tibet.  They used the coercion and intimidation of take away 10s of 1000s of Tibetan people to go into India to set up exile government headed by the Dalai Llama with anti-China activities.  After India launched open armed aggression, USSR formally proposed to invite representatives of Bangla Desh to the Security Council.  This met objections from other countries.  Two days later, India extended formal recognition of Bangla Desh.  December 6^th or 7^th, UN passed a resolution, 104 in favor, 11 against, demanded that India and Pakistan withdraw their own troops to their own countries.  Among the 11 votes against this are Ukraine, Bello Russia, USSR, India, Mongolia, etc..  Why are these 104 votes that demanded seize fire?  This reflects the common desire of small and medium countries of Africa, Latin America, and Asia to demand states sovereignty.  If this corrupt pretext prevails, the sovereignty of many small and medium countries cannot prevail.  India and USSR, etc, totally disregarded the UN and occupied East Pakistan.  This further exposed the ambitions and schemes of Soviet Social Imperialism and Indian Expansionists.

1) Nature of conflict is on the one hand, between aggression and anti-aggression, on the other, interference in internal affairs and the opposite.   On this point, China’s stand is to oppose the aggression and interference of others’ internal affairs.

2) Why is India set on expansion?  Foreign policy is continuation of domestic policy.  Big landlords and bourgeoisie took over mantle of British Imperialism, harboring wild ambitions over other territories.  This is Reactionary Materialism.  The severe exploitation by India has aggravated class contradictions at home.  Reactionaries use nationalism to divert the dissatisfaction and discontent against the government.  Indian reactionaries use expansion and anti-China to gain more and from Imperialists and USSR revisionists.

The more aid by imperialists to India, the more reactionary the Indian Foreign policy becomes.

Why is USSR to active in India?  USSR revisionists do this to further control India and expand influence in Indian subcontinent and the Indian Ocean.

The competition for hegemony.  Here we can see why vote of US comes with 104 votes.  US did not vote to preserve the principles of object to interference of internal affairs.  China and Chinese people keep firmly objecting to interference in internal affairs of Pakistan.  We hold that internal disputes should be held by consultation with neighboring countries.  Pakistan problems should be solved by their own countries.  We never resort of bourgeois pragmatism.

In the past, USSR in disregard of historical facts said that Kashmir belongs to India to curry favor with India.  China does not barter principles.

Majority of Kashmir are Islamic, so according to logic, the Kashmir question should be solved be referendum in Kashmir.

Volume I-Selected Works Unity.

We have diplomatic relations with Burma, Chairman of Communist Party in Burma.  On National Day, the communist party of= member is on the roster, while the ambassador is on the reviewing stand.

Support is according to concrete conditions.  Main Principle, support people of countries.  Ultimate air is to wipe out oppression and Imperialism.

Foreign Policy – to develop relations of friendship, mutual assistance and cooperation with socialist countries as principle of Proletarian Internationalism.

To support revolutionary struggles of all oppressed people.  See-comment #9 of comments between USSR and CCP

General line of foreign Policy of USSR revision-peaceful co-existence, this is above everything.  Unity with socialist countries and support of revolutionary struggle are subordinate to Peaceful Co-existence.